- May 08, 2011 Yes he us. This video is unavailable. Watch Queue Queue.
- To get the ball rolling, we captured every frame of Negan's twisted iteration of 'Eeny Meeny Miny Moe.' Maybe, after months of distance, we'll get new insight on the show's impending seventh season.
- The easy, fast & fun way to learn how to sing: 30DaySinger.com Eenie meenie miney mo Catch a bad chick by her toe If she holla (if, if, if, she hollas) let her go She's indecisive She can't decide She keeps on lookin' From left to right Girl, c'mon get closer Look in my eyes Searching is so wrong I'm Mr.
'Eeny, meeny, miny, moe', which can be spelled a number of ways, is a children's counting rhyme, used to select a person to be 'it' for games (such as tag) and similar purposes such as counting out a child that has to be stood down from a group of children as part of a playground game.
“Eeny, meeny, miny, mo” and the ambiguous history of counting-out rhymes.
A Works Progress Administration poster for the Cedar Central Apartments in Cleveland, Ohio, ca. 1936.
Eeny, meeny, miny, mo
Catch a tiger by the toe
If he hollers, let him go
Eeny meeny miny mo
Catch a tiger by the toe
If he hollers, let him go
Eeny meeny miny mo
“Eeny meeny miny mo” is one of those rhymes that’s ingrained in our cultural limbic system—once we hear the first two syllables, the rest unspools whether we want it to or not. No one knows what eeny or meeny might mean; everybody knows what “eeny meeny” means. It turns up in strange places: in Pulp Fiction, in the Great Vermont Corn Maze, in Justin Bieber songs. But where did eeny meeny come from? Kipling tells us that “Eenee, Meenee, Mainee, and Mo / Were the First Big Four of the Long Ago,” but that’s not such a good lead.
What we do know is that once Eeny Meeny appeared on the scene, it was everywhere. In the fifties and sixties, the formidable husband-and-wife folklorists Iona and Peter Opie recorded hundreds of varieties in England and America, including, to name just a few:
Hana, mana, mona, mike,
Barcelona, bona, strike,
Hare, ware, frown, venac
Harrico, warrico, we, wo, wac
Barcelona, bona, strike,
Hare, ware, frown, venac
Harrico, warrico, we, wo, wac
Eena, meena, mina, mo,
Cracka, feena, fina, fo,
Uppa, nootcha, poppa, tootcha,
Ring, ding, dang, doe
Cracka, feena, fina, fo,
Uppa, nootcha, poppa, tootcha,
Ring, ding, dang, doe
Eeny, meeny, mony, my,
Barcelona, stony, sty,
Eggs, butter, cheese, bread,
Stick, stack, stone dead
Barcelona, stony, sty,
Eggs, butter, cheese, bread,
Stick, stack, stone dead
Jeema, jeema, jima, jo,
Jickamy, jackamy, jory,
Hika, sika, pika, wo,
Jeema, jeema, jima, jo
Jickamy, jackamy, jory,
Hika, sika, pika, wo,
Jeema, jeema, jima, jo
Not only are there hoards of Eeny Meenies, there are just as many counting-out schemes that share the same DNA. “Hinty, minty, cuty, corn, wire, briar, limber lock” (United States). “Eenty, teenty, ithery, bithery” (England). “Ippetty, sipetty, ippetty sap, ipetty, sipetty, kinella kinack” (Scotland). And I’d be remiss in omitting “One potato, two potato, three potato, four / Five potato, six potato, seven potato, more,” which flirts with replacing eeny meeny as the counting-out gold standard in the United States.
In the canonical Eeny Meeny, “tiger” is standard in the second line, but this is a relatively recent revision. If it doesn’t seem to make sense, even in the gibberish Eeny Meeny world, that you’d grab a carnivorous cat’s toe and expect the tiger to do the hollering, remember that in both England and America, children until recently said “Catch a nigger by the toe.” The nigger-to-tiger shift is one of the rare instances where changes in the rhyme happen in such an explicit and pointed fashion. The rhyme morphs constantly, but usually ad hoc, and each kickball court has its own particular flavor based more on random chance; one child’s popular improvisation might catch on and change the rhyme in a certain region for decades.
Many variations of Eeny Meeny have cropped up through mishearing, the way a game of Telephone or Chinese Whispers retains the sound of the original but mangles the sense. Some are mondegreens, a term coined by the author Sylvia Wright when she heard “And laid him on the green” as “And Lady Mondegreen.” (“ ’Scuse me while I kiss this guy” is a mondegreen for Jimi Hendrix’s lyric “ ’Scuse me while I kiss the sky”, and Taylor Swift’s long list of ex-lovers are lonely Starbucks lovers.)
Other Eeny Meeny varietals arose through the process of Hobson-Jobson, that is, when words from another language are homophonically translated to fit the phonology of the native speaker’s tongue. (“Hobson-Jobson” is an Anglo-Indian corruption of the Muslim festival cry “Yā Ḥasan! Yā Ḥosain!”; “punch,” originally meaning a drink with five ingredients, is a Hobson-Jobson of panj, meaning “five.”
So, le Eeny meeny in France:
Une, mine, mane, mo,
Une, fine, fane, fo,
Maticaire et matico,
Mets la main derrière ton dos.
Une, fine, fane, fo,
Maticaire et matico,
Mets la main derrière ton dos.
And Denmark:
Ene, mene, ming, mang,
Kling klang,
Osse bosse bakke disse,
Eje, veje, vaek.
Kling klang,
Osse bosse bakke disse,
Eje, veje, vaek.
And Zimbabwe:
Eena, meena, ming, mong,
Ting, tay, tong,
Ooza, vooza, voka, tooza,
Vis, vos, vay.
Ting, tay, tong,
Ooza, vooza, voka, tooza,
Vis, vos, vay.
But at their core, counting-out rhymes tend to be very conservative. In 1830, children in Scotland chanted:
Zinti, tinti,
Tethera, methera,
Bumfa, litera,
Hover, dover,
Dicket, dicket,
As I sat on my sooty kin
I saw the king of Irel pirel
Playing upon Jerusalem pipes.
Tethera, methera,
Bumfa, litera,
Hover, dover,
Dicket, dicket,
As I sat on my sooty kin
I saw the king of Irel pirel
Playing upon Jerusalem pipes.
In the 1950s:
Zeenty teenty
Heathery bethery
Bumful oorie
Over dover
Saw the King of easel diesel
Jumping over Jerusalem wall
Heathery bethery
Bumful oorie
Over dover
Saw the King of easel diesel
Jumping over Jerusalem wall
“Irel pirel” to “easel diesel” is easy to figure out: When you say a set of phrases over and over, the ends and beginnings blend into each other, as when “Work it work it work it work it” becomes “twerk.” So Scottish kids in the fifties, used to hearing “diesel” elsewhere, heard it for “pirel” here.
*
The shared genetics of all these counting-out ditties strongly imply an ür-Eeny Meeny. And several folklorists have proposed various etymologies based on the content of some versions of Eeny Meeny, trying to derive significance from some variation of the gibberish. These prehistories range from charmingly whimsical to patently bogus.
In the nineteenth century, for instance, the historian John Bellender Ker strung together several arbitrary strings of Dutch words that sounded like English counting-out rhymes, claiming these ditties originated as corruptions of stupid Dutch. And yet, as his contemporary Henry Carrington Bolton pointed out, Ker’s argument is akin to deriving the word Middletown from Moses: “By dropping ‘oses’ we have the root ‘M,’ and on adding ‘iddletown’ we have ‘Middletown.’ ”
In 1982, similarly, Derek Bickerton postulated that the rhyme derives from Saõ Tomenese, a Creole language spoken by African slaves. The Saõ Tomenese phrase ine mina mana mu, meaning “my sister’s children,” bears a very close phonological resemblance to “Eeny, meeny, miny, mo.” The original “Catch a nigger by the toe,” according to Bickerton, points to the rhyme’s roots in an African American community.
But there may be an answer when we search for sound instead of sense. Eeny Meeny traces its ancestry to an ancient British counting system: the Anglo-Cymric Score. Across northern England and southern Scotland, a set of numerals exists for specific, ritual purposes: shepherds use it to count sheep, women to keep track of knitting, fishermen to harvest their catch. Peasants knew the system for centuries as “Yan tan tethera.” Rhythmically, the score divides into fives (think number of fingers per hand), with a pronounced lilt and an emphasis on rhyming pairs. Words vary from region to region, but the score goes something like this:
Yan, tan, tethera, methera, pimp,
Sethera, lethera, hothera, dovera, dick,
Yan-dick, tan-dick, tether-dick, mether-dick, bumfit,
Yan-a-bumfit, tan-a-bumfit, tethera bumfit, pethera bumfit, gigert.
Sethera, lethera, hothera, dovera, dick,
Yan-dick, tan-dick, tether-dick, mether-dick, bumfit,
Yan-a-bumfit, tan-a-bumfit, tethera bumfit, pethera bumfit, gigert.
Similar counting scores exist in Ireland (Eina, mina, pera, peppera, pinn) and in the United States (Een, teen, tether, fether, fip). Knapp and Knapp paint a picture of English settlers teaching a version of the shepherds’ score to Plymouth Indians, thus explaining why American children refer to this type of rhyme as “Indian counting.” More likely, however, is that children heard a rhyme of unknown origin and ascribed it to a foreign culture. “Chinese counting” bears no relationship to actual Chinese counting. Like Eeny Meeny rhymes, the numerals are primarily for counting, not arithmetic: just as you wouldn’t think to subtract miny from mo to get eeny, one doesn’t necessarily add tethera to tan to get pimp. In these scores, the rhythm and ritual of the whole are more significant than the meaning of each individual component.
Hickory, dickory, dock. Georgie, Porgie, Pudding ’n Pie. The shepherds’ score is pervasive. And once we start listening, we can hear “yan, tan, tethera” on beyond counting-out rhymes. Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder, Blixem. John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt. Tikki tikki tembo-no sa rembo-chari bari ruchi-pip peri pembo. Itsy-bitsy teeny-weeny yellow polka-dot bikini.
Yet even the solution of the ancient Anglo-Cymric Score, as it turns out, is a chicken-and-egg: which came first, the counting-out system or the counting-out rhyme? The shepherds of that shepherds’ score might be entirely apocryphal. The anthropologist Michael Barry, who conducted an exhaustive study of these shepherds’ scores, failed to find a single instance of anyone who could recall an actual shepherd using the score to count his sheep. Just as Indians didn’t use “Indian counting,” it’s entirely possible that shepherds might never have used the shepherds’ score. Indeed, the earliest recorded uses of the counting-out system are in counting-out rhymes—so the origins of “Eeny, meeny, miny, mo” might, it turns out, be nothing more and nothing less than Eeny, meeny, miny, and mo themselves.
Adrienne Raphel is a graduate of the Iowa Writers’ Workshop and is currently a Ph.D. student at Harvard, where she writes about poetics and plays word games. She contributes regularly to The New Yorker online, and her poetry has appeared or is forthcoming in Lana Turner, the Boston Review, and Prelude, among other publications.
'Eeny, meeny, miny, moe'—which can be spelled a number of ways—is a children's counting rhyme, used to select a person in games such as tag, or for selecting various other things. It is one of a large group of similar rhymes in which the child who is pointed to by the chanter on the last syllable is either 'chosen' or 'counted out'. The rhyme has existed in various forms since well before 1820[1] and is common in many languages with similar-sounding nonsense syllables.
Since many similar counting rhymes existed earlier, it is difficult to know its exact origin.
Current versions[edit]
A common modern version is:[2]
- Eeny, meeny, miny, moe,
- Catch a tiger by the toe.
- If he hollers, let him go,
- Eeny, meeny, miny, moe.
The scholars Iona and Peter Opie noted that many variants have been recorded, some with additional words such as '.. O. U. T. spells out, And out goes she, In the middle of the deep blue sea'[3] or 'My mother told me/says to pick the very best one, and that is Y-O-U/you are [not] it';[3] while another source cites 'Out goes Y-O-U.'[4]
Origins[edit]
The first record of a similar rhyme, called the 'Hana, man,' is from about 1815, when children in New York City are said to have repeated the rhyme:
- Hana, man, mona, mike;
- Barcelona, bona, strike;
- Hare, ware, frown, vanac;
- Harrico, warico, we wo, wac.[3]
Henry Carrington Bolton discovered this version to be in the US, Ireland and Scotland in the 1880s but was unknown in England until later in the century.[3] Bolton also found a similar rhyme in German:
- Ene, tene, mone, mei,
- Pastor, lone, bone, strei,
- Ene, fune, herke, berke,
- Wer? Wie? Wo? Was?[3]
Variations of this rhyme, with the nonsense/counting first line have been collected since the 1820s, such as this one, which includes the 'toe' and 'olla' from Kipling's version:
- Eenie, Meenie, Tipsy, toe;
- Olla bolla Domino,
- Okka, Pokka dominocha,
- Hy! Pon! Tush!
This was one of many variants of 'counting out rhymes' collected by Bolton in 1888.[5]
A Cornish version collected in 1882 runs:
- Ena, mena, mona, mite,
- Bascalora, bora, bite,
- Hugga, bucca, bau,
- Eggs, butter, cheese, bread.
- Stick, stock, stone dead – OUT.[6]
One theory about the origins of the rhyme is that it is descended from Old English or Welsh counting, similar to the old Shepherd's count 'Yan Tan Tethera' or the Cornish 'Eena, mena, mona, mite'.[3]
Another possibility is that British colonials returning from India introduced a doggerel version of an Indian children's rhyme used in the game of carom billiards:
- baji neki baji thou,
- elim tilim latim gou.[7]
Another possible origin is from a Swahili poem brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans: Iino ya mmiini maiini mo.[8]
Most likely the origin is a centuries-old, possibly Old Saxon diviner rhyme, as was shown in 1957 by the Dutch philologist dr. Jan Naarding, supported by prof. dr. Klaas Heeroma at the Nedersaksisch Instituut (Low Saxon Institute) at the University of Groningen. They published their findings in an article called Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten (An old diviner rhyme and its relatives).[9] In part I of the article Naarding explains, why the counting rhyme he found in Twents-Achterhoeks woordenboek (1948), a dictionary by G.H. Wanink, stands close to an early mediaeval or even older archetype. That same version was recorded in 1904 in Goor in Twente by Nynke van Hichtum:
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- Anne manne miene mukke,
- Ikke tikke takke tukke,
- Eere vrouwe grieze knech,
- Ikke wikke wakke weg.
Naarding calls its origin 'a heathen priest song, that begs the highest goddess for an oracle while divining, an oracle that may decide about life and death of a human'. The first lines can be translated as 'foremother of mankind, give me a sign, I take the cut off pieces of a branch (= the rune wands).' This explanation was revived and extended in 2016 by Goaitsen van der Vliet, founder of the Twentse Taalbank (Twents Language Bank).[10] The last line of the rhyme (in the Netherlands degenerated to 'iet wiet waait weg') can be translated as 'I weigh it up' (in Dutch 'ik wik en weeg').
American and British versions[edit]
Some versions of this rhyme use the racial slur 'nigger' instead of 'tiger'. Iona and Peter Opie quote the following version:
- Eena, meena, mina, mo,
- Catch a nigger by his toe;
- If he squeals let him go,
- Eena, meena, mina, mo.[3]
This version was similar to that reported by Henry Carrington Bolton as the most common version among American schoolchildren in 1888.[11] It was used in the chorus of Bert Fitzgibbon's 1906 song 'Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Mo':
- Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Mo,
- Catch a nigger by the toe,
- If he won't work then let him go;
- Skidum, skidee, skidoo.
- But when you get money, your little bride
- Will surely find out where you hide,
- So there's the door and when I count four,
- Then out goes you.[12]
It was also used by Rudyard Kipling in his 'A Counting-Out Song', from Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides, published in 1935.[13] This may have helped popularise this version in the United Kingdom where it seems to have replaced all earlier versions until the late twentieth century.[3]
Iona and Peter Opie pointed out in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1951) that the word 'nigger' was common in American folklore, but unknown in any English traditional rhyme or proverb.[3] This, combined with evidence of various other versions of the rhyme in the British Isles pre-dating this post-slavery version, would seem to suggest that it originated in North America, although the apparently American word 'holler' was first recorded in written form in England in the 14th century, whereas according to the Oxford English Dictionary the words 'Niger' or 'nigger' were first recorded in England in the 16th century with their current disparaging meaning. The 'olla' and 'toe' are found as nonsense words in some 19th century versions of the rhyme.
Variations[edit]
There are considerable variations in the lyrics of the rhyme, including from early twentieth century in the United States of America:
- Eeny, meeny, miny moe,
- Catch a tiger by the toe.
- If he hollers make him pay,
- Fifty dollars every day.[3]
During the Second World War, an AP dispatch from Atlanta, Georgia reported: 'Atlanta children were heard reciting this wartime rhyme:
- Eenie, meenie, minie, moe,
- Catch the emperor by his toe.
- If he hollers make him say:
- 'I surrender to the USA.'[14]
A distinct version of the rhyme in the United Kingdom, collected in the 1950s & 1960s, is:
- Eeeny, meeny, miney, mo.
- Put the baby on the po.
- When he's done,
- Wipe his bum.
- And tell his mother what he's done.[15] (Alternatively: Shove the paper up the lum)[16]
The most common version in New Zealand is:
- Eeny, meeny, miny moe,
- Catch a tiger by the toe.
- If he squeals, let him go,
- Eeny, meeny, miny moe.
- Pig snout you're out.[4]
Controversies[edit]
- In 1993, a high school teacher in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, provoked a student walkout when she said, in reference to poor test performance, 'What did you do? Just go eeny, meeny, miny, moe, catch a nigger by the toe?' The school's district superintendent recommended the teacher 'lose three days of pay, undergo racial sensitivity training, and have a memorandum detailing the incident placed in her personnel file'.[17]
- A jocular use of a form of the rhyme by a Southwest Airlinesflight attendant, encouraging passengers to sit down so the plane could take off, led to a 2003 lawsuit charging the airline with intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Two versions of the rhyme were attested in court; both 'Eeny meeny miny mo, Please sit down it's time to go' and 'Pick a seat, it's time to go'. The passengers in question were African American and stated that they were humiliated due to what they called the 'racist history' of the rhyme. A jury returned a verdict in favor of Southwest and the plaintiffs' appeal was denied.[18]
- In May 2014, an unbroadcast outtake of BBC motoring show Top Gear showed presenter Jeremy Clarkson reciting the rhyme and deliberately mumbling a line which some took to be 'catch a nigger by his toe'.[19] In response to accusations of racism, Clarkson apologised to viewers that his attempts to obscure the line 'weren't quite good enough'.[20]
- In 2017, the retailer Primark pulled a T-shirt from its stores that featured the first line of the rhyme as spoken by The Walking Dead character Negan, overlaid with an image of his baseball bat. A customer, minister Ian Lucraft, complained the T-shirt was 'fantastically offensive' and claimed the imagery 'relates directly to the practice of assaulting black people in America.'[21]
Cultural significance[edit]
![Minnie Minnie](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/73/7b/85/737b85283497c2fa3bd7efc87f2a6a9c.jpg)
There are many scenes in books, films, plays, cartoons and video games in which a variant of 'Eeny meeny ..' is used by a character who is making a choice, either for serious or comic effect. Notably, the rhyme has been used by killers to choose victims in the 1994 films Pulp Fiction and Natural Born Killers,[22][23] the 2003 film Elephant,[24] and the sixth-season finale of the AMC television series The Walking Dead. In Let the Tiger Go, a documentary on tiger conservation released on YouTube in 2017, the poem is read by Alan Rabinowitz in advocacy for ending the poaching of tigers for their body parts.[25] The very title of the documentary is implied to be an allusion to the poem.
Music[edit]
The vinyl release of Radiohead's album OK Computer (1997) uses the words 'eeny meeny miny moe' (rather than letter or numbers) on the labels of Sides A, B, C and D respectively.[26]
Eenie Meenie Records is a Los Angeles-based music record label.
The names of many songs include some or all of the phrase, including:
- 'Eenie Meanie Miny Ho' released by Tech N9ne on June 7, 2011
- Eeny Meeny Miny Moe by the Dutch group Luv in 1979
- 'Eenie Meenie' by Jeffrey Osborne on self-titled 1982 album.
- 'Eenie, Meenie, Miney, Mo' by Danish pop group Toy-Box in 1999 from their first album 'Fantastic.'
- 'Need to Know (Eenie Meenie Miny Moe)' by the Swedish pop group Excellence in 2001.
- 'Eenie Meenie' by Jamaican-American singer Sean Kingston and Canadian singer Justin Bieber in 2010.
- 'Eenie Meenie Minie Moe' by Peach Kelli Pop from album 'Peach Kelli Pop I' recorded in 2010.
- 'Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Moe' is a song on A Shared Dream, a 2012 album by South Korea group U-KISS.
- 'Eeny, meeny, miny, moe!' by Japanese dance and vocal unit Sandaime J Soul Brothers on 2015 album 'Planet Seven'.
- 'Eeny Meeny Miny Moe' is a song by Arizona hip hop trio Injury Reserve on their 2016 album 'Floss'
- 'Eeny meeny miney mo' by Billie Holiday in 1935
- The rhyme inspired the song 'Eena Meena Deeka' in the 1957 Bollywood film Aasha.
Literature[edit]
The title of Chester Himes's novel If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945) refers to the rhyme.[27]
Eenie Meenie Miney Mo Lyrics Justin Bieber
In Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh (1995), the leading character and his three sisters are nicknamed Ina, Minnie, Mynah and Moor.[28]
Rex Stout wrote a 1962 Nero Wolfenovella titled Eeny Meeny Murder Mo.
Film and television[edit]
![Eeny meeny miny moe song lyrics Eeny meeny miny moe song lyrics](https://miro.medium.com/max/600/1*n0HfucHnh8b4nFKBrHwRwA.png)
In the 1930s, animation producer Walter Lantz introduced the cartoon characters Meany, Miny, and Moe (later Meeny, Miney and Mo). First appearing in Oswald Rabbit cartoons, then in their own series.[29]
The 1933 Looney Tunes cartoon Bosko's Picture Show parodies MGM as 'TNT pictures', whose logo is a roaring and burping lion with the motto 'Eenie Meanie Minie Moe' in the place of MGM's 'Ars Gratia Artis'.
Eenie Meenie Miney Moe Lyrics
The rhyme appears towards the end of 1949 British black comedy, Kind Hearts and Coronets. The use of the word nigger was censored for the American market, being replaced by sailor.[30]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^I. & P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 1952), p. 12.
- ^Donna Wood (1971). Move, Sing, Listen, Play. Alfred Music 01101 Publishing. p. 75. ISBN1-4574-9680-1.
- ^ abcdefghijI. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 156-8.
- ^ abL. and W. Bauer, 'Choosing Who's In/It'(PDF). 2002. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ^H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888)
- ^Fred Jago The Glossary of the Cornish Dialect (1882)
- ^Nihar Ranjan Mishra, From Kamakhya, a socio-cultural study (New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 2004), p. 157.
- ^Bennett, P.R. (1974). Remarks on a little-known Africanism. Ba Shiru, 6(1), 69-71.
- ^J. Naarding en K.H. Heeroma, Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten, in: Driemaandelijkse Bladen, 1957, p. 37-43. Online at the Twentse Taalbank.
- ^Goaitsen van der Vliet, Germaans uit Goor, in: Aold Hoksebarge, nummer 49.2 (juli 2016), p. 4216-4218. Online at Historiek (titled: 'Iene miene mutte' komt voort uit oud Oostnederlands wichellied).
- ^H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888, Kessinger Publishing, 2006), pp. 46 and 105.
- ^B. Fitzgibbon, Words and music, 'Eeny, meeny, miny, mo'F. B. Haviland Publishing Co (1906).
- ^R. Kipling, R. T. Jones, G. Orwell, eds The Works of Rudyard Kipling (Wordsworth Editions, 1994), p. 771.
- ^Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). Black and African-American Studies: American Dilemma, the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. Transaction Publishers. ISBN9781412815116.
- ^I. Opie and P. Opie, Children's Games in Street and Playground (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 36.
- ^Mills, Anne E. (6 December 2012). The Acquisition of Gender: A Study of English and German. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9783642713620 – via Google Books.
- ^Sink, Lisa (1993-01-19). 'Longer suspension for teacher urged'. Milwaukee Sentinel.
- ^'Sawyer v. Southwest Airlines'. Ca10.washburnlaw.edu. 2005-08-12. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^'Jeremy Clarkson: I didn't mean to use N-word – video| News | The Week UK'. Theweek.co.uk. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
- ^Josh Halliday, Nicholas Watt and Kevin Rawlinson. 'Jeremy Clarkson 'begs forgiveness' over N-word footage | Media'. The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
- ^Burke, Darren (2017-02-21). 'Primark pulls 'shocking' and 'racist' Walking Dead t-shirt from stores after Sheffield man's angry complaint'. The Star. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
- ^S. Willis, High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film (Duke University Press, 1997), ISBN0-8223-2041-X, p. 199.
- ^J. Naisbitt, N. Naisbitt and D. Philips, High Tech High Touch: Technology and Our Accelerated Search for Meaning (Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2001), ISBN1-85788-260-1, p. 85.
- ^A. Young, The Scene of Violence: Cinema, Crime, Affect (Routledge, 2009), ISBN1-134-00872-4, p. 39.
- ^Rabinowitz, Alan (December 10, 2017). 'Let The Tiger Go - Courtesy of GoPro'. YouTube.
- ^D. Griffiths, OK Computer (Continuum, 2004), p. 32.
- ^G. H. Muller, Chester Himes (Twayne, 1989), ISBN0-8057-7545-5, p. 23.
- ^M. Kimmich, Offspring Fictions: Salman Rushdie's Family Novels(Rodopi, 2008), ISBN9042024909, p. 209.
- ^J. Lenburg Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators (Hal Leonard, 2006), ISBN1-55783-671-X, p. 197.
- ^Slide, Anthony (1998). Banned in the U.S.A.: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933–1966. I.B. Tauris. ISBN1-86064-254-3. Retrieved 2008-10-02. p. 90.
Further reading[edit]
- The counting-out rhymes of children: their antiquity, origin, and wide distribution; a study in folk-lore, Henry Carrington Bolton, 1888 (online version at archive.org)
- More Counting-out Rhymes, H. Carrington Bolton in The Journal of American Folklore Vol. 10, No. 39 (Oct. - Dec., 1897), pp. 313–321. Published by: American Folklore Society DOI: 10.2307/533282 Stable URL: (online version at JStor)
- Gregor, Walter, 1891: Counting-out rhymes of children (online version at archive.org
- SKVR XII1 2837. Alatornio. PLK. A 2212. -15 (online version at SKVR.fi)
- Ikola, Osmo: Entten tentten teelikamentten. Erään lastenlorun arvoitus. Virittäjä 1/2002. Kotikielen Seura. Viitattu 11.12.2011 (pdf at kotikielenseura.fi)
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